Age, Gender, and Occupational Patterns in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Diseases: An Epidemiological Perspective

Background: In the contemporary workplace, the prevalence of Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD), such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), raises significant health concerns. Although association between smoking and COPD is well-established, the impact of occupational exposures can be up to 14% of cases. Correlations between age, gender, occupation, smoking and OLD were explored. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed within OLD program at the Indus Hospital and Health Network, a private, donation-based healthcare system in Pakistan. This is a diagnostic and management system integrated into primary care sites across eight primary care sites. Data collection (March 2019 - December 2023) targeted individuals diagnosed with asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) included occupational histories, demographic details, co-morbidities and smoking status. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel and SPSS. Results: Among 6813 asthma and COPD patients, the highest prevalence of COPD was observed in farmers (33.6%) and construction workers (12.2%), while teachers exhibited the highest prevalence of asthma (2.0%). Both asthma and COPD were more common in male farmers (8.64%, 25.70%) and construction workers (3.98%, 9.74%). Individuals aged 25-44 years had significant asthma prevalence in textile workers (2.35%), construction workers (1.86%), teachers (0.93%), and hawkers (0.52%). COPD prevalence was higher in 45–64-year ages across all occupations except for teachers (higher rates over 65). Farmers displayed higher incidence of comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease) with both asthma (7.58%) and COPD (24.89%). A significant association was found between COPD and construction workers (p=0.03), farmers (p=0.00), and drivers (p=0.03) among non-smokers. Non-smoking teachers also exhibited a significant association with asthma (p=0.009) among non-smokers. Conclusion: This study highlights gender and age variations in OLD, as well as disparities based on associations with specific professions. Tailored interventions addressing occupational and environmental factors to promote respiratory well-being in diverse workplaces should be explored.